How do you convert an annual compound rate into an equivalent monthly rate?
In compound interest you do not divide the annual rate by 12. Instead, use (1 + annual_rate)^(1/12) − 1. For example, 10% per year equals about 0.7974% per month.
What is the difference between contributing at the start or end of the month?
When contributing at the start of the month, each new deposit earns interest during that same month. End-of-month contributions are added after that month's interest is calculated.
What does the inflation-adjusted value represent?
It estimates the future balance in today's purchasing power by discounting the cumulative inflation rate over the investment term.